According to Kevin McCann of non-profit Conservation Outcomes, “Protected areas are an important cornerstone of biodiversity conservation. They make a large contribution to securing vital populations of biodiversity.”
The Convention on Biological Diversity agrees, and in 2010 the Aichi Biodiversity Targets were set up for the 2011-2020 period. These aim to ensure at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water, and 10% of coastal and marine areas are conserved through Protected Area (PA) agreements.
TMF, an associated trust of WWF-South Africa, realised that through Protected Areas, large parcels of the Cape Floral Kingdom (many of these critically endangered fynbos and renosterveld landscapes) can be protected – in some cases, forever. Working with partners, they now make a significant contribution to the Western Cape’s Protected Area network.
Kerry Maree, manager of the TMF, says, “By helping South Africa to meet our international commitments to the Aichi targets, we’re successfully showcasing South Africa as a credible driver of conservation.”
“The challenge is that most of South Africa’s biodiversity is found on private land. That’s why it’s vital to work with private landowners, many who farm for a living, to encourage greater buy-in to conserve our natural world,” she adds.
Protected Areas are protected by law. There are different types of Protected Area agreements available that conservation-savvy individuals and organisations can sign. These include private nature reserves, conservation servitudes and biodiversity agreements, among others.
In all, there are currently 93 operating private nature reserves across the province, covering 171,000ha (this is roughly the size of the Addo Elephant National Park in the Eastern Cape). Three declared Protected Environments (PEs) cover 12,800ha. Biodiversity agreements (which are not as secure as PEs) cover 27,000ha and biodiversity partnerships add an additional 56,000ha.
In the City of Cape Town, the Protected Area network has nearly doubled in the past 10 years. In 2009, just 29,000ha were signed as Protected Areaa. At the time, the city partnered with the TMF to grow this. Today Protected Areas cover 55,222ha – including those under the city’s management, as well as CapeNature and SANParks.
The city has been able to take a groundbreaking approach to increase its Protected Area network. The City of Cape Town’s Jacques van der Merwe says, through TMF support, the city has tested buying critically endangered landscapes as an offset against land available for development.
Over five years, the city acquired 17 adjacent properties in the Dassenberg corridor along the West Coast, totalling over 1,000ha. This is one of the most important climate change corridors in the country, including the last intact Atlantis Sand Fynbos, as well as critically endangered Swartland Shale Renosterveld and Swartland Granite Renosterveld. Through the agreement, the city could make less biodiversity-rich land available for development.
Says Van der Merwe, “We’re now looking at rolling out this model in other areas, like the Klipheuwel cluster.” The cluster is home to the final three Protea odorata plants left in the world.
According to McCann, while it’s vital to expand the Protected Area network, it’s also necessary to regularise existing Protected Areas. “The Western Cape has a well-established network of Protected Areas. But we need to make sure those declared PAs are more secure in terms of governance, administration and legal requirements.”
The TMF provides funding support to Conservation Outcomes and CapeNature to verify and validate those private nature reserves declared before the Protected Areas Act. They are working with 90 of these private nature reserves to ensure their compliance, and to withdraw those that don’t comply, or those with low biodiversity value.
In another project, the TMF is supporting the Overberg Renosterveld Conservation Trust (ORCT) to roll-out its conservation easements programme in the Overberg. Easements are essentially servitudes signed over a property between the ORCT and willing landowners. They ensure critically endangered Renosterveld landscapes are protected in perpetuity (only 5% of the original extent of Renosterveld remains today). Already around 1,500ha of Renosterveld have been included in the easements programme, with the ORCT pioneering this conservation model with TMF support.
Maree says the Cape Floral Kingdom is losing not only its animal and plant species, but also entire ecosystems that provide the foundations for human well-being. Threats include habitat loss (such as urban and agricultural expansion), invasive alien plants and habitat degradation.
“That’s why it’s our moral responsibility to protect our world-renowned biodiversity. It’s also our political obligation to care for our natural heritage. As the TMF, we’re working with our partners to take up this challenge. And Protected Areas are an important way for us to achieve this.”
